How To Repair A Crashed SD Card And Protect Your Data

One of the many reasons users prefer Android devices is the ability to expand the amount of available storage space using the MicroSD Card. Since we have the ability add up to 256GB of external storage to Android devices today, you're bound to choke up when the SD card crashes without any tell-tale signs.

If you're experiencing issues on how to repair a crashed SD card on your Android device, there are certain fixes you can try out. Since there's not a singular solution to SD Card issues, we've created a guide to help you detect the issue with your external storage and mentioned multiple solutions to get your SD card working and even retrieve your stored data along with it.

Before you start

Don't format the card if you want to retain any of the photos on it. You can follow the tips in our separate article on how to format a write-protected SD card after you've tried to recover any files that are on your card.

Now, try and find a different card reader. If you've inserted an SD card into your laptop or PC's built-in slot and nothing happens, try using a different computer or a USB card reader.

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Sometimes it's the reader at fault – not the card. You can buy a USB SD card reader online for just a couple of pounds which will accept both microSD and standard SD cards.

Steps to Repair a Crashed SD Card and Protect your Data:

Step 1 – Physically clean the SD Card

Despite being durable and built to last, SD cards are prone to crashing sometimes due to physical damage. Since you carry your phone around everywhere, some dirt and dust are bound to fill up in the cracks, that can make SD card stop working from time to time.

The first thing you can try to do on how to repair a crashed SD card is physically scrub and clean it.

• Remove the MicroSD card from your Android device and place it on a clean surface. Make sure that you turn off your phone before pulling out the SD card for safety.
• Flip the MicroSD card and using a white eraser, gently scrub the gold contact pins of the SD card to get rid of any residual dirt or grime.
• If you have an alcohol-based cleaning solution or even nail polish remover around, dab it on to the connector pins using a Q-tip and gently rub it.

Once the SD card has dried out, you can plug it back into your Android device and turn it on to see if the solution has worked.

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Step 2 – Format the SD Card

If your SD card is being detected by the Android device but you're having trouble accessing the saved files, there's a good chance that the files are corrupt. This could either be due to a particular broken file in the saved storage, or a virus that is causing the issue.

Either way, the only option there is left for you to try out is make the SD card reusable for formatting it.

• From the home screen of your Android device, head over to the Settings app and then scroll down to find the Storage
• In the Storage tab, you'll be able to find the Erase SD Card option, so go ahead and select it.
• Confirm your action to delete all of the files and folders stored on your SD card and this should effectively solve the issue.

Step 3 – Check the SD card compatibility

If you are trying to figure out how to repair a crashed SD card on an older Android device, you might just need to look at the details more carefully. If your SD card fails to be recognized on the mobile device but works with your computer, the problem could be related to compatibility.

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• If the MicroSD card that you are trying to use with your older phone is SDXC version (built for higher transfer speeds), it will not be recognized.
• Look up the maximum capacity of expandable storage that is supported by your device, since they can vary from starting at 64GB to all the way up to 256GB.

Step 4 – Diagnose the SD card using a PC

If a simple format did not help you solve the SD card problem, you might need a more technical analysis of the issue. To do so, you can plug in your SD card into a computer and use the diagnostic tools to find out the pertaining errors and effectively fix them.

• Connect your Android mobile device to a computer using a USB cable.
• Make sure that you connect Android as MSC (Mass storage mode) and not MTP (Media transfer mode). You can do this using the notification menu once you connect the phone to your computer.
• Launch the Windows Explorer and right click on the SD card driver you see on the screen. In the options menu, choose Properties – Tools – Error Checking and wait for the entire process to complete.
• The computer will try to update the software for your SD card and fix any errors that are causing it to crash.

Step 5 – Use chkdsk to fix/repair a corrupted SD card without data loss

The "chkdsk" command is your first choice for damaged SD card repair. Requiring no format, it allows you to fix or repair a corrupted SD card and regain access to all your important files on the device. Let's see how it works. (I'm using Windows 7 for this demonstration)

1. Plug in your SD card to your computer with a card reader.

2. Go to the start menu, type in "cmd" in a search bar, hit enter and then you can see something named "cmd. exe" in a list of programs.

3. Right-click "cmd. exe" and then you will get the following command windows that allow you to fix your corrupted SD card without formatting.

4. Type in "chkdsk /X /f sd card letter:" or "chkdsk sd card letter: /f ", for example,"chkdsk /X /f G:" or "chkdsk h: /f".

After finishing all the steps, Windows will have checked and fixed the file system of the SD card. It usually takes several minutes. After that, if you see "Windows has made corrections to the file system" in the command window, then congratulations! The damaged SD card is successfully fixed and you can see your data again. If not, you should try a third-party data recovery software to retrieve your files from the damaged SD card and repair it by formatting.

Once the process has been completed, you can go ahead and pop the SD card back into your Android device and see if the issue has been resolved.

Step 6 : Use EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard to recover data from damaged SD card

1. Connect the corrupted SD card to your PC, launch EaseUS's data recovery software, select the card and click "Scan".
2. A quick scan will first start to search all the lost and existing data on the SD card. And after that, a deep scan will automatically launch in order to find more files.

3. After the scan, choose those files you want to recover and click the "Recover" button to retrieve them back.

Final Words :

So finally through this article, you have got to know about the method by which the SD card could be repaired and hence the data in it could be saved for the further access. We have tried to present the method in easy to grab manner and we believe that you could possibly get to know about it easily. Hope that you would have liked the information in this post, if it is so then please share it with others. Also, do not forget to share the post with others, let most of the people know about the method. Share your comments about the post through using the comment box below. At last never the fewer thanks for reading this post!

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How To Secure Your Home Against "Internet Of Things" And FUD

TL;DR, most of the security news about IoT is full of FUD. Always put the risks in context - who can exploit this and what can the attacker do with it. Most story only covers the latter.

Introduction

There is rarely a day without news that another "Internet of Things" got hacked. "Smart" safes, "smart" rifles, "smart" cars, "smart" fridges, "smart" TVs, "smart" alarm systems, "smart" meters, "smart" bulbs, NAS devices, routers. These devices are getting hacked every day. Because most of these devices were never designed with security as a goal, and some of them have been never tested by security professionals, it is no surprise that these things are full of vulnerabilities.

Independent security researchers find these vulnerabilities, write a cool blog post or give a presentation about the vulnerability and the exploit, and the media forgets the constraints just for the sake of more clicks. "We are all doomed" we can read in the news, but sometimes the risks are buried deeply in technical jargon. Please note I blame the news sites here, not the researchers.

http://www.slideshare.net/danielmiessler/iot-attack-surfaces-defcon-2015

There are huge differences between the following risks:

• Attackers can directly communicate with the router (or camera) from the Internet without authentication and exploit the vulnerability. This is the worst-case scenario. For example, an automated ransomware attack against your NAS is pretty bad.
• Attackers have to position themselves in the same WAN network (e.g. Sprint mobile network in the case of Jeep hacking) to exploit the vulnerability. This is still pretty bad.
• The vulnerable code can not be triggered directly from the Internet, but tricks like CSRF can be used to exploit it (details later in this post). 
• The vulnerable code can not be triggered directly from the Internet, and it uses a protocol/port which prevents Cross Protocol Scripting. Attackers have to access the local network before exploiting this vulnerability.

As it is the case with the worst scenario, one can find a lot of devices connected to the internet. You can always find funny stuff at http://explorer.shodanhq.com/#/explore , or use the nmap screenshot script to find your own stuff :)

Network exposure

Most devices are behind an IPv4 NAT device (e.g. home router), thus can not be reached from the Internet side by default. Except when the device configures the firewall via UPNP. Or the device has a persistence cloud connection, and the cloud can send commands to the device. Or the device uses IPv6 tunneling (e.g. Teredo), thus it is reachable from the Internet. But not every vulnerability on your home network is accessible directly from the Internet. As more and more devices and networks will support IPv6, this scenario might change, but I hope most home routers will come with a default deny configuration in their IPv6 firewall module. On the other hand, scanning for IPv6 devices blindly is not feasible due to the large number of IPv6 addresses, but some tricks might work. 

If attackers can not access the device directly, there is a way to hack it through the user's browser. Just convince the victim user to visit a website, and via CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery) and brute-forcing the device IP, it is possible to hack some devices (mostly through HTTP - if the exploit can fit into simple GET or POST commands.

If attackers can not attack the device vulnerability through the Internet directly, or via CSRF, but have connected to the same network - the network exposure shrinks significantly. And when attackers are on the same network as you, I bet you have bigger problems than the security of the IoT devices ...

Recommendations for home users

Don't buy **** you don't need

Disconnect from the power cord the IoT devices you don't need to operate 7*24. 

Disable cloud connectivity if it is not necessary. For example, I have a NAS device that can be reached through the "cloud", but I have disabled it by not configuring any default gateway for the device. I prefer connecting to my network via VPN and reach all my stuff through that.

Prevent CSRF attacks. I use two tricks. Don't use the 192.168.0.x - 192.168.10.x network at-home - use an uncommon IP range instead (e.g. 192.168.156.x is better). The second trick is I configured my Adblock plugin in my primary browser to block access to my internal network. And I use another browser whenever I want to access my internal devices. Update: On Firefox you can use NoScript ABE to block access to internal resources.

Check your router configuration:

• disable UPnP
• check the firewall settings and disable unnecessary port forwards
• check for IPv6 settings, and configure the firewall as default deny for incoming IPv6 TCP/UDP.

Change default passwords, especially for services connected to the Internet. Follow password best practices.

Run Nmap to locate new IoT in your home network :) 

Run a WiFi scan to locate new WiFi access points. Let me share a personal experience with you. I moved to a new house and brought my own WiFi router with me. I plugged it in, and forget about WiFi. Months later it turned out I had two other WiFi devices in my house - the cable modem had its own integrated WiFi with default passwords printed on the bottom, and the Set-top-box was the same - default WiFi passwords printed on the bottom. And don't forget to scan for ZigBee, Bluetooth, IrDA, FM, ...

Update your devices - in case you have a lot of free time in your hand.

Don't allow your guests to connect to your home network. Set up a separated AP for them. Imagine your nephew stealing your private photos or videos from your NAS or DNLA server.

With great power, comes great responsibility. The less device you own in your house, the less time you need to maintain those.

Read the manuals of your devices. Be aware of the different interfaces. Configure it in a secure way.

Disable Teredo protocol in case you don't need IPv6.

Stop being amazed by junk hacking.

Update: Disable WebRTC: https://www.browserleaks.com/webrtc , in Chrome you can use this extension: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/webrtc-network-limiter/npeicpdbkakmehahjeeohfdhnlpdklia

Update: Prevent against DNS rebind attacks via configuring a DNS server which can block internal IP addresses. OpenDNS can block internal IP, but this is not a default option, you have to configure it.

Recommendations for vendors

For vendors, I recommend at least the followings:

• Implement security during Software Development LifeCycle
• Continuous security testing and bug bounties
• Seamless auto-update
• Opt-in cloud connectivity

Recommendations for journalists

Stop FUD. Pretty please.

The questions to ask before losing your head

• who can exploit the vulnerability?
• what prerequisites do we have about the attack to successfully exploit the vulnerability? Is the attacker already in your home network? If yes, you have probably bigger problems.
• what can the attacker do when the exploit is successful?

And last but not least, don't forget that in the case of IoT devices, sometimes users are the product, not the customer. IoT is about collecting data for marketing purposes.

http://blog.open-xchange.com/2015/02/09/iot/

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System Hacking: Password Cracking Techniques And Types Of Passwords

This blog based on two major concepts:

• Understand password-cracking techniques
• Understand different types of passwords
 

The simplest way to crack the passwords

The first step is to access the system is that you should know how to crack the password of the target system. Passwords are the key element of information require to access the system, and users also selects passwords that are easy to guess such as mostly people has a passwords of their pet's name or room number etc to help them remember it. Because of this human factor, most password guessing is successful if some information is known about the target. Information gathering and reconnaissance can help give away information that will help a hacker guess a user's password.

Once a password is guessed or cracked, it can be the launching point for escalating privileges, executing applications, hiding files, and covering tracks. If guessing a password fails, then passwords may be cracked manually or with automated tools such as a dictionary or brute-force method.

Types of Passwords 

• Only numbers
• Only letters
• Only special characters
• Letters and numbers
• Only letters and special characters 
• Numbers, letters and special characters

A strong password is less susceptible to attack by a hacker. The following rules, proposed by the EC-Council, should be applied when you're creating a password, to protect it against attacks:

• Must not contain any part of the user's account name
• Must have a minimum of eight characters
• Must contain characters from at least three of the following categories:
  • Non alphanumeric symbols ($,:"%@!#)
  • Numbers
  • Uppercase letters
  • Lowercase letters

A hacker may use different types of attacks in order to identify a password and gain further access to a system. The types of password attacks are as follows:

Passive Online

​Eavesdropping on network password exchanges. Passive online attacks
include sniffing, man-in-the-middle, and replay attacks. Moreover, a passive online attack is also known as sniffing the password on a wired or wireless network. A passive attack is not detectable to the end user. The password is captured during the authentication process and can then be compared against a dictionary file or word list. User account passwords are commonly hashed or encrypted when sent on the network to prevent unauthorized access and use. If the password is protected by encryption or hashing, special tools in the hacker's toolkit can be used to break the algorithm.

Another passive online attack is known as man-in-the-middle (MITM). In a MITM attack, the hacker intercepts the authentication request and forwards it to the server. By inserting a sniffer between the client and the server, the hacker is able to sniff both connections and capture passwords in the process.

A replay attack is also a passive online attack; it occurs when the hacker intercepts the password en route to the authentication server and then captures and resend the authentication packets for later authentication. In this manner, the hacker doesn't have to break the password or learn the password through MITM but rather captures the password and reuses the password-authentication packets later to authenticate as the client.

Active Online

Guessing the Administrator password. Active online attacks include auto-
mated password guessing. Moreover, The easiest way to gain administrator-level access to a system is to guess a simple password assuming the administrator used a simple password. Password guessing is an active online attack. It relies on the human factor involved in password creation and only works on weak
passwords.

Assuming that the NetBIOS TCP 139 port is open, the most effective method of breaking into a Windows NT or Windows 2000 system is password guessing. This is done by attempting to connect to an enumerated share ( IPC$ or C$ ) and trying a username and password combination. The most commonly used Administrator account and password combinations are words like Admin, Administrator, Sysadmin, or Password, or a null password.
A hacker may first try to connect to a default Admin$ , C$ , or C:\Windows share. To connect to the hidden C: drive share, for example, type the following command in the Run field (Start ➪ Run):

\\ip_address\c$

Automated programs can quickly generate dictionary files, word lists, or every possible combination of letters, numbers, and special characters and then attempt to log on using those credentials. Most systems prevent this type of attack by setting a maximum number of login attempts on a system before the account is locked.

In the following sections, we'll discuss how hackers can perform automated password guessing more closely, as well as countermeasures to such attacks.

Performing Automated Password Guessing

To speed up the guessing of a password, hackers use automated tools. An easy process for automating password guessing is to use the Windows shell commands based on the standard NET USE syntax. To create a simple automated password-guessing script, perform the following steps:

1. Create a simple username and password file using Windows Notepad. Automated tools such as the Dictionary Generator are available to create this word list. Save the file on the C: drive as credentials.txt.
2. Pipe this file using the FOR command: C:\> FOR /F "token=1, 2*" %i in (credentials.txt)
3. Type net use \\targetIP\IPC$ %i /u: %j to use the credentials.txt file to attempt to log on to the target system's hidden share.

Offline Attacks

Offline attacks are performed from a location other than the actual computer where the passwords reside or were used. Offline attacks usually require physical access to the computer and copying the password file from the system onto removable media. The hacker then takes the file to another computer to perform the cracking. Several types of offline password attacks exist.

Types of Attack	Characteristics	Password Example
Dictionary attack	Attempts to use passwords from a list of dictionary words	Administrator
Hybrid attack	Substitutes numbers of symbols for password characters	Adm1n1strator
Brute-force attack	Tries all possible combinations of letters, numbers, and special characters	Ms!tr245@F5a

A dictionary attack is the simplest and quickest type of attack. It's used to identify a password that is an actual word, which can be found in a dictionary. Most commonly, the attack uses a dictionary file of possible words, which is hashed using the same algorithm used by the authentication process. Then, the hashed dictionary words are compared with hashed passwords as the user logs on, or with passwords stored in a file on the server. The dictionary attack works only if the password is an actual dictionary word; therefore, this type of attack has some limitations. It can't be used against strong passwords containing numbers or other symbols.

A hybrid attack is the next level of attack a hacker attempts if the password can't be found using a dictionary attack. The hybrid attack starts with a dictionary file and substitutes numbers and symbols for characters in the password. For example, many users add the number 1 to the end of their password to meet strong password requirements. A hybrid attack is designed to find those types of anomalies in passwords.

The most time-consuming type of attack is a brute-force attack, which tries every possible combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. A brute-force attack is the slowest of the three types of attacks because of the many possible combinations of characters in the password. However, brute force is effective; given enough time and processing power, all passwords can eventually be identified.More info

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October 2019 Connector

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OWASP Connector October 2019 Communications | Projects | Events | Community | Membership COMMUNICATIONS Letter from the Vice Chairman of the Board Dear OWASP Community,   Two of the primary initiatives the foundation staff has been working on over the past few months were the two back to back Global AppSec Events in DC and Amsterdam.  This was a huge undertaking by everyone involved.  We are pleased to announce that the survey feed back is positive and both events were well attended.  I was in attendance of Global AppSec Amsterdam and it was great meeting and speaking with old friends and meeting new ones.  I would also like to take this opportunity, on behalf of the board to thank OWASP staff for their efforts in making the two conferences so successful.  To continuing on with the events theme; I'm really happy to announce the locations of our 2020 OWASP Global AppSec Conferences.  The first one will be June 15 - 19, 2020 in Dublin and the second will be October 19 - 23, 2020 in San Francisco.  Dublin is not an exotic trip for me, more of a 10 minute tram ride.  Hopefully you will join us, while also making the most of the culture and scenery that Ireland has to offer.    Last but not least, the OWASP Global Board of Directors election results where released Thursday October 17, 2019. I'd like to first thank everyone who has put their trust in me by voting me back onto the board for the next two years. I hope I do you justice. I would also like to thank the large number of candidates that were willing to give of their personal time and run to be part of the Global OWASP Board.  This is a testament of the dedication and commitment of our members to continue to grow and evolve to the next level as an organization.  I encourage those that were not elected will still be involved in making a positive change by volunteering to be part of a committee.  The board and staff need all the help they can get to push through change. I hope you will join us in this journey.  We can not be successful without the help of the community.  Until next time,  Owen Pendlebury  Vice Chairman, OWASP Global Board of Directors  OWASP Global Board Election Results    The newly elected 2020 OWASP Board Members: Grant Ongers Owen Pendlebury Sherif Mansour Vandana Verma Sengal   Congratulations, and thank you to all the candidates that participated and the OWASP members that voted.  OWASP Foundation Global AppSec Event Dates for 2020 Global AppSec Dublin, June 15 - 19, 2020 Global AppSec San Francisco, October 19 - 23, 2020 Visit our website for future announcements. EVENTS  You may also be interested in one of our other affiliated events: REGIONAL EVENTS Event Date Location BASC 2019 (Boston Application Security Conference) October 19,2019 Burlington, MA LASCON X October 24 - 25, 2019 Austin, TX OWASP AppSec Day 2019 Oct 30 - Nov 1, 2019 Melbourne, Australia German OWASP Day 2019 December 9 - 10, 2019 Karlsruhe, Germany AppSec California 2020 January 21 - 24, 2020 Santa Monica, CA OWASP New Zealand Day 2020 February 20 - 21, 2020 Auckland, New Zealand Seasides 2020 March 3 - 5, 2020 Panjim Goa, India SnowFROC 2020 March 5, 2020 Denver, CO GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP EVENTS Event Date Location BlackHat Europe 2019 December 2 - 5, 2019 London BlackHat Europe 2019 London at EXCEL London 2019 December 2-5  Visit the OWASP Booth 1015 Business Hall December 4 & 5  December 4, 10:30 AM - 7:00 PM December 5: 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM OWASP Members are eligible for € 200.00 discount , email marketing@owasp.org for code to use when registering. PROJECTS Projects were well-represented at the previous two Global AppSec conferences in DC and Amsterdam this past month.  Both events featured the popular Project Showcase and I heartily thank the leaders of the projects who participated: Secure Medical Device Deployment Standard Secure Coding Dojo API Security Project Dependency Check SAMM SEDATED DefectDojo Juice Shop ModSecuity Core Rule Set SecurityRAT WebGoat These leaders put on a great set of presentations and, in many cases, the room was standing room only.  Thank you! The project reviews that were done in DC and Amsterdam are still being evaluated and worked on; if you are waiting on answers, please have patience.  I hope to have them finalized by November. The website migration continues moving forward.  The process of adding users to the proper repositories is an on-going effort.  If you have not given your GitHub username, please drop by the Request for Leader Github Usernames form.  A nice-to-accomplish goal would be to have the projects and chapters in their new website homes within the next 30 days. Harold L. Blankenship Director of Technology and Projects COMMUNITY Welcome to the New OWASP Chapters  Sacramento, California Marquette, Michigan Ranchi, India Paraiba, Brazil Calgary, Canada  CORPORATE MEMBERS    Premier Corporate Member Contributor Corporate Members *Ads and logos are not endorsements and reflect the messages of the advertiser only. * Join us Donate Our mailing address is: OWASP Foundation  1200-C Agora Drive, #232 Bel Air, MD 21014   Contact Us Unsubscribe

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